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二手房买卖合同中买方违约纠纷法律分析之-政策变化导致房价波动/蔡英杰

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二手房买卖合同,买方违约纠纷法律分析之-政策变化导致房价波动

蔡英杰


关键词:二手房买卖 阴阳合同 不可抗力 政策变动 差价 违约金


  就笔者去年接触到的二手房屋买卖合同的纠纷来说,咨询者多为卖方。原因很简单,卖方在签订合同之后,房价不断上涨,每天的上升幅度都很大,以致卖方宁愿毁约,宁可赔偿买方双倍的定金或者支付违约金并且赔偿中介费,也不愿继续履行合同和办理过户手续。然而,自今年4月下旬以来,向笔者咨询的当事人多为二手房买卖合同的买方,由于国家抑制房价政策的不断出台,房价下跌已经无法避免。在这种情况,很多投机性较强的买方宁可丧失已经支付的定金、中介费用甚至是违约金,也不愿继续支付房款履行合同。此外,二手房买卖合同中还经常会出现,买卖双方在中介的居间下,往往为了少交过户税费而故意做“阴阳合同”,阳合同提交给有关政府部门,在上面故意做低价格,阴合同由双方自行签订,具体房款支付等按照阴合同执行。

  那么,国家政策变动是否属于不可抗力而使违约方免于违约责任?如果非属不可抗力,那么买方违约应当承担什么违约责任?阴阳合同到底哪个有效?阴阳合同是否影响违约责任的承担?鉴于上述种种问题,笔者结合最近接到的一个咨询案例,拟回答上述问题。

  宏观背景介绍:

  今年年初,国务院办公厅出台了《关于促进房地产市场平稳健康发展的通知》(国办发【2010】4号),提出要加大差别化信贷政策的执行力度,具体是指要求各大银行通过严格设定执行二套房贷款门款政策,合理引导住房消费,从而抑制投资投机性购房需求。对已利用贷款购买住房、又申请购买第二套(含)以上住房的家庭(包括借款人、配偶及未成年子女),贷款首付款比例不得低于40%,贷款利率严格按照风险定价。

  2010年4月17日,针对部分城市房价上涨以及投机性购房者频现,国务院下发了《关于坚决遏制部分城市房价过快上涨的通知》(国发【2010】10号),要求各大银行实行更为严格的差别化住房信贷政策。要点如下:对购买首套自住房且套型建筑面积在90平方米以上的家庭(包括借款人、配偶及未成年子女,下同),贷款首付款比例不得低于30%;对贷款购买第二套住房的家庭,贷款首付款比例不得低于50%,贷款利率不得低于基准利率的1.1倍;对贷款购买第三套及以上住房的,贷款首付款比例和贷款利率应大幅度提高,具体由商业银行根据风险管理原则自主确定,而且对于个别地区,甚至有权暂停发放购买第三套及以上住房贷款。同样,对不能提供1年以上当地纳税证明或社会保险缴纳证明的非本地居民也要暂停发放购买住房贷款。此外,文件还要求住建部要会同央行、银监会抓紧制定第二套住房的认定标准。

  显然,国发【2010】10号文相对与年初的国办发【2010】4号文相比,不论是从发文机关的层级上讲,还是从调控力度上讲,都上升了一个级别。

案例介绍:

  2010年3月20日,卖方甲和买方乙在中介的居间下,签订了《北京市存量房屋买卖合同》,将北京市朝阳区的一处房产卖给乙方。为了履行本合同,甲方已经将房屋的抵押注销手续办完,乙方支付了全部中介费用(注:几乎已成行内惯例)。根据本合同,甲方建筑面积100来平米的房子以29万的价格卖给乙方,乙方在签订合同当时向甲方支付了2万元的定金。该合同只约定了逾期付款的违约金,并未明确约定解除合同的违约金。除此之外,甲方和乙方在当日另行签订了《二手房买卖补充协议》,该协议规定除支付29万的房款之外,乙方还要在房屋过户手续向甲方支付100多万的房屋装修及室内设施费用。如果一方违约,另一方应当向对方支付相当于合同金额10%的违约金。

  在5月份的时候,乙方向甲方提出,由于国家信贷政策发生了重大变动,导致房屋价款发生了不可预期的变动,应当属于不可抗力或者情势变更的是由,因此其有权解除合同。并且,乙方已向有关机关咨询过,做低房屋交易价款逃避交税是违法的,存在很大的法律风险,因此合同是无效的,其有权要求甲方返还定金。

律师分析:

一、国家政策变动是否属于“不可抗力”或者适用于“情势变更”?

  根据《民法通则》以及《合同法》的相关条款,可知“不可抗力”是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。因此,构成不可抗力,必须满足这几个条件:1、该事件是当事人双方在签订合同时无法预见的;2、该事件在发生之前并不能会当事人的意志或行为而能够避免;3、该事件发生之后,当事人双方无法克服该事件产生后果。

  根据《合同法》第94条规定,当不可抗力致使合同目的无法实现时,当事人一方是可以解除合同;根据《合同法》第117条规定,因不可抗力不能履行合同的,根据不可抗力的影响,部分或者全部免除责任,但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的,不能免除责任。由此可以看出,当事人并不能任意滥用不可抗力,并非只要发生不可抗力,一方当事人的责任就理所当然地被免除。

  根据《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国合同法〉若干问题的解释(二)》,合同成立以后客观情况发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、非不可抗力造成的不属于商业风险的重大变化,继续履行合同对于一方当事人明显不公平或者不能实现合同目的,当事人请求人民法院变更或者解除合同的,人民法院应当根据公平原则,并结合案件的实际情况确定是否变更或者解除。很显然,情势变更适用于非不可抗力造成的商业风险。

  尽管,不可抗力和情势变更看起来很相似,不过笔者看来,二者之间还是存在些许差异的。第一,不可抗力通常多指自然力灾害、突发的社会事件或政策调整,应当是当事人完全无法预见的,而情势变更则是指商业风险的重大变化,而商业风险本身并非当事人完全不能预见,只不过商业风险的变化已经超过了正常商人能预料的程度;第二,不可抗力的出现既可能使合同履行出现暂时性的客观障碍,也可能使合同的履行发生客观上的永久不能,这取决于不可抗力的程度以及对当事人的影响,而情势变更则只是影响到了合同的履行,这种影响会造成对一方当事人的不公平或者无法实现通常情况下的商业目的,但是不存在暂时的客观履行不能或永久的客观履行不能;第三,不可抗力的后果是当不可抗力致使合同目的不能实现时,当事人有权自行而非通过法院解除合同,并且可以部分或全部免除责任,而情势变更的后果则表现在当事人可以请求法院变更或解除合同,至于是否解除,则取决于法官的判断。根据最高院《关于当前形势下审理民商事合同纠纷案件若干问题的指导意见》 (法发【2009】40号),法院在实践中是严格适用情势变更原则的。
  举个简单例子来讲,如果买卖双方之间签订了货物买卖关系并且由卖方负责运输,但是在履行的时候,卖方港口发生了罢工事件,从而造成短期内发货根本不可能,这就属于不可抗力。但是,如果只是罢工事件不能妨碍卖方找其他工人进行装卸发货,而只是大幅度提高了成本,可能是平常运输成本的好多倍甚至比卖方通过销售货物获取的利润还要高出很多,这就属于情势变更。

  根据上述分析,在本案中,乙方并非依靠贷款买房,因此国家放贷政策的变化对其向甲方支付房屋价款并未造成任何影响,对于乙方来说不能以不可抗力作为拒绝履行合同的理由。那么由于政策引发的房价波动是否属于情势变更呢?笔者理解,国家出台新政策导致房价发生波动的情形并不属于情势变更。一是因为国家早在正式出台国发【2010】10号文之前,就已经发布相关政策,提出要打击投机性购房需求;二是因为如果不是投机性购房的话,那么此次房价的波动并不会对乙方造成明显不公平更不会导致不能实现合同目的。此外,如果非直接由放贷政策的变化导致买方无法从银行贷款,那么同样不属于不可抗力。当然,如果没有根本国家明文政策并未发生变化而只是银行内部信贷流程严格了而造成买方无法如期或顺利贷款的话,那么只要双方在合同中对此没有明确约定免责或属于不可抗力的话,那么买方仍然需要向卖方承担违约责任。

二、房屋买卖阴阳合同如何认定?

  在二手房交易实践中,买卖双方为了少交税费或者中介机构为了促成交易,买卖双方往往会在中介机构的建议下,故意在提交有关部门的合同(阳合同)中做低房款(简称“名义房款”),而双方另行签订一份阴合同,约定由买方将实际房款与名义房款之间的差额以其他名义支付给卖方,如果装修费,基础设施费等等。

  那么双方签订的阳合同与阴合同是否有效呢?根据《合同法》第52条第1款第(二)项规定:恶意串通,损害国家、集体或者第三人利益的合同无效。不过鉴于双方签订合同的本意并非在于损害国家利益而是房屋交易,因此只能根据《合同法》第56条规定认定阳合同中关于价款的部分无效,而合同部分无效,不影响其他部分效力的,其他部分仍然有效。在司法实践中,阴合同通常仍被认为是双方之间的真实意思表示从而被认定为有效,一方要求继续履行,对方应当履行。这样,买方很难以合同无效为理由解除合同。

  目前,已经有地方法院支持了上述分析,如在深圳市中级人民法院出台的《关于审理二手房买卖合同纠纷案件若干问题的指导意见》中,第八条就明确规定房地产买卖合同中规避国家税收的价格条款无效。该无效部分不影响其他部分效力的,其他部分仍然有效。当事人以逃避税收为由请求确认合同全部无效的,不予支持。

三、阴阳合同是否影响违约责任的承担?

中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

财政部


中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例实施细则(附英文)

1993年12月25日,财政部

细则
第一条 根据《中华人民共和国增值税暂行条例》(以下简称条例)第二十八条的规定,制定本细则。
第二条 条例第一条所称货物,是指有形动产,包括电力、热力、气体在内。
条例第一条所称加工,是指受托加工货物,即委托方提供原料及主要材料,受托方按照委托方的要求制造货物并收取加工费的业务。
条例第一条所称修理修配,是指受托对损伤和丧失功能的货物进行修复,使其恢复原状和功能的业务。
第三条 条例第一条所称销售货物,是指有偿转让货物的所有权。
条例第一条所称提供加工、修理修配劳务,是指有偿提供加工、修理修配劳务。但单位或个体经营者聘用的员工为本单位或雇主提供加工、修理修配劳务,不包括在内。
本细则所称有偿,包括从购买方取得货币、货物或其他经济利益。
第四条 单位或个体经营者的下列行为,视同销售货物:
(一)将货物交付他人代销;
(二)销售代销货物;
(三)设有两个以上机构并实行统一核算的纳税人,将货物从一个机构移送其他机构用于销售,但相关机构设在同一县(市)的除外;
(四)将自产或委托加工的货物用于非应税项目;
(五)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物作为投资,提供给其他单位或个体经营者;
(六)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物分配给股东或投资者;
(七)将自产、委托加工的货物用于集体福利或个人消费;
(八)将自产、委托加工或购买的货物无偿赠送他人。
第五条 一项销售行为如果既涉及货物又涉及非应税劳务,为混合销售行为。从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者的混合销售行为,视为销售货物,应当征收增值税;其他单位和个人的混合销售行为,视为销售非应税劳务,不征收增值税。
纳税人的销售行为是否属于混合销售行为,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
本条第一款所称非应税劳务,是指属于应缴营业税的交通运输业、建筑业、金融保险业、邮电通信业、文化体育业、娱乐业、服务业税目征收范围的劳务。
本条第一款所称从事货物的生产、批发或零售的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者,包括以从事货物的生产、批发或零售为主,并兼营非应税劳务的企业、企业性单位及个体经营者在内。
第六条 纳税人兼营非应税劳务的,应分别核算货物或应税劳务和非应税劳务的销售额。不分别核算或者不能准确核算的,其非应税劳务应与货物或应税劳务一并征收增值税。
纳税人兼营的非应税劳务是否应当一并征收增值税,由国家税务总局所属征收机关确定。
第七条 条例第一条所称在中华人民共和国境内(以下简称境内)销售货物,是指所销售的货物的起运地或所在地在境内;
条例第一条所称在境内销售应税劳务,是指所销售的应税劳务发生在境内。
第八条 条例第一条所称单位,是指国有企业、集体企业、私有企业、股份制企业、其他企业和行政单位、事业单位、军事单位、社会团体及其他单位。
条例第一条所称个人,是指个体经营者及其他个人。
第九条 企业租赁或承包给他人经营的,以承租人或承包人为纳税人。
第十条 纳税人销售不同税率货物或应税劳务,并兼营应属一并征收增值税的非应税劳务的,其非应税劳务应从高适用税率。
第十一条 小规模纳税人以外的纳税人(以下简称一般纳税人)因销货退回或折让而退还给购买方的增值税额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销项税额中扣减,因进货退出或折让而收回的增值税额,应从发生进货退出或折让当期的进项税额中扣减。
第十二条 条例第六条所称价外费用,是指价外向购买方收取的手续费、补贴、基金、集资费返还利润、奖励费、违约金(延期付款利息)、包装费、包装物租金、储备费、优质费、运输装卸费、代收款项、代垫款项及其他各种性质的价外收费。但下列项目不包括在内:
(一)向购买方收取的销项税额;
(二)受托加工应征消费税的消费品所代收代缴的消费税;
(三)同时符合以下条件的代垫运费:
1.承运部门的运费发票开具给购货方的;
2.纳税人将该项发票转交给购货方的。
凡价外费用,无论其会计制度如何核算,均应并入销售额计算应纳税额。
第十三条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条规定应当征收增值税的,其销售额分别为货物与非应税劳务的销售额的合计,货物或者应税劳务与非应税劳务的销售额的合计。
第十四条 一般纳税人销售货物或者应税劳务采用销售额和销项税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+税率
第十五条 根据条例第六条的规定,纳税人按外汇结算销售额的,其销售额的人民币折合率可以选择销售额发生的当天或当月1日的国家外汇牌价(原则上为中间价)。纳税人应在事先确定采用何种折合率,确定后一年内不得变更。
第十六条 纳税人有条例第七条所称价格明显偏低并无正当理由或者有本细则第四条所列视同销售货物行为而无销售额者,按下列顺序确定销售额:
(一)按纳税人当月同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(二)按纳税人最近时期同类货物的平均销售价格确定;
(三)按组成计税价格确定。组成计税价格的公式为:
组成计税价格=成本×(1+成本利润率)
属于应征消费税的货物,其组成计税价格中应加计消费税额。
公式中的成本是指:销售自产货物的为实际生产成本,销售外购货物的为实际采购成本。公式中的成本利润率由国家税务总局确定。
第十七条 条例第八条第三款所称买价,包括纳税人购进免税农业产品支付给农业生产者的价款和按规定代收代缴的农业特产税。
前款所称价款,是指经主管税务机关批准使用的收购凭证上注明的价款。
第十八条 混合销售行为和兼营的非应税劳务,依照本细则第五条、第六条的规定应当征收增值税的,该混合销售行为所涉及的非应税劳务和兼营的非应税劳务所用购进货物的进项税额,符合条例第八条规定的,准予从销项税额中抵扣。
第十九条 条例第十条所称固定资产是指:
(一)使用期限超过一年的机器、机械、运输工具以及其他与生产经营有关的设备、工具、器具;
(二)单位价值在2000元以上,并且使用年限超过两年的不属于生产经营主要设备的物品。
第二十条 条例第十条所称非应税项目,是指提供非应税劳务、转让无形资产、销售不动产和固定资产在建工程等。
纳税人新建、改建、扩建、修缮、装饰建筑物,无论会计制度规定如何核算,均属于前款所称固定资产在建工程。
第二十一条 条例第十条所称非正常损失,是指生产经营过程中正常损耗外的损失,包括:
(一)自然灾害损失;
(二)因管理不善造成货物被盗窃、发生霉烂变质等损失;
(三)其他非正常损失。
第二十二条 已抵扣进项税额的购进货物或应税劳务发生条例第十条第(二)至(六)项所列情况的,应将该项购进货物或应税劳务的进项税额从当期发生的进项税额中扣减。无法准确确定该项进项税额的,按当期实际成本计算应扣减的进项税额。
第二十三条 纳税人兼营免税项目或非应税项目(不包括固定资产在建工程)而无法准确划分不得抵扣的进项税额的,按下列公式计算不得抵扣的进项税额。
当月免税项目销售额、
不得抵 当月全 非应税项目营业额合计扣的进=部进项×----------项税额 税 额 当月全部销售额、
营业额合计
第二十四条 条例第十一条所称小规模纳税人的标准规定如下:
(一)从事货物生产或提供应税劳务的纳税人,以及以从事货物生产或提供应税劳务为主,并兼营货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应征增值税销售额(以下简称应税销售额)在100万元以下的;
(二)从事货物批发或零售的纳税人,年应税销售额在180万元以下的。
年应税销售额超过小规模纳税人标准的个人、非企业性单位、不经常发生应税行为的企业,视同小规模纳税人纳税。
第二十五条 小规模纳税人的销售额不包括其应纳税额。
小规模纳税人销售货物或应税劳务采用销售额和应纳税额合并定价方法的,按下列公式计算销售额:
含税销售额
销售额=-------
1+征收率
第二十六条 小规模纳税人因销货退回或折让退还给购买方的销售额,应从发生销货退回或折让当期的销售额中扣减。
第二十七条 条例第十四条所称会计核算健全,是指能按会计制度和税务机关的要求准确核算销项税额、进项税额和应纳税额。
第二十八条 个体经营者符合条例第十四条所定条件的,经国家税务总局直属分局批准,可以认定为一般纳税人。
第二十九条 小规模纳税人一经认定为一般纳税人后,不得再转为小规模纳税人。
第三十条 一般纳税人有下列情形之一者,应按销售额依照增值税税率计算应纳税额,不得抵扣进项税额,也不得使用增值税专用发票。
(一)会计核算不健全,或者不能够提供准确税务资料的;
(二)符合一般纳税人条件,但不申请办理一般纳税人认定手续的。
第三十一条 条例第十六条所列部分免税项目的范围,限定如下:
(一)第一款第(一)项所称农业,是指种植业、养殖业、林业、牧业、水产业。
农业生产者,包括从事农业生产的单位和个人。
农业产品,是指初级农业产品,具体范围由国家税务总局直属分局确定。
(二)第一款第(三)项所称古旧图书,是指向社会收购的古书和旧书。
(三)第一款第(八)项所称物品,是指游艇、摩托车、应征消费税的汽车以外的货物。
自己使用过的物品,是指本细则第八条所称其他个人自己使用过的物品。
第三十二条 条例第十八条所称增值税起征点的适用范围只限于个人。
增值税起征点的幅度规定如下:
(一)销售货物的起征点为月销售额600—2000元。
(二)销售应税劳务的起征点为月销售额200—800元。
(三)按次纳税的起征点为每次(日)销售额50—80元。
前款所称销售额,是指本细则第二十五条第一款所称小规模纳税人的销售额。
国家税务总局直属分局应在规定的幅度内,根据实际情况确定本地区适用的起征点,并报国家税务总局备案。
第三十三条 条例第十九条第(一)项规定的销售货物或者应税劳务的纳税义务发生时间,按销售结算方式的不同,具体为:
(一)采取直接收款方式销售货物,不论货物是否发出,均为收到销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据,并将提货单交给买方的当天;
(二)采取托收承付和委托银行收款方式销售货物,为发出货物并办妥托收手续的当天;
(三)采取赊销和分期收款方式销售货物,为按合同约定的收款日期的当天;
(四)采取预收货款方式销售货物,为货物发出的当天;
(五)委托其他纳税人代销货物,为收到代销单位销售的代销清单的当天;
(六)销售应税劳务,为提供劳务同时收讫销售额或取得索取销售额的凭据的当天;
(七)纳税人发生本细则第四条第(三)项至第(八)项所列视同销售货物行为,为货物移送的当天。
第三十四条 境外的单位或个人在境内销售应税劳务而在境内未设有经营机构的,其应纳税款以代理人为扣缴义务人;没有代理人的,以购买者为扣缴义务人。
第三十五条 非固定业户到外县(市)销售货物或者应税劳务未向销售地主管税务机关申报纳税的,由其机构所在地或者居住地主管税务机关补征税款。
第三十六条 条例第二十条所称税务机关,是指国家税务总局及其所属征收机关。
条例和本细则所称主管税务机关、征收机关,均指国家税务总局所属支局以上税务机关。
第三十七条 本细则所称“以上”、“以下”,均含本数或本级。
第三十八条 本细则由财政部解释,或者由国家税务总局解释。
第三十九条 本细则从条例施行之日起实施。1984年9月28日财政部颁发的《中华人民共和国增值税条例(草案)实施细则》、《中华人民共和国产品税条例(草案)实施细则》同时废止。

DETAILED RULE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROVISIONAL REGULATIONOF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON VALUE-ADDED TAX

(Ministry of Finance: 25 December 1993)

Whole Doc.
Article 1
These Detailed Rules are formulated in accordance with the
stipulations of Article 28 of the Republic of China on Value-Added Tax> (hereinafter referred to as "the
Regulations").
Article 2
"Goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
tangible moveable goods, including electricity, heat, and gas.
"Processing" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
the business of contracting to process goods, where the contractor
supplies the raw material and major materials and the subcontractor
manufactures the goods in accordance with the requirements of the
contractor and receives a processing fee.
"Repairs and replacement" as mentioned in Article 1 of the
Regulations refers to the business of contracting to carry out repairs of
damaged or malfunctioned goods, so as to restore the goods to their
original conditions and functions.
Article 3
"Sales of goods" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers
to the transfer of the ownership of goods for any consideration.
"Provision of processing, repairs and replacement services" as
mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the provision of
processing, repairs and replacement services for any consideration.
However the provision of processing, repairs and replacement services by
the staff employed by the units or individual business operators for their
units or employers shall not be included.
"Consideration" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules includes money,
goods or any economic benefit obtained from the purchasers.
Article 4
The following activities of units or individual operators shall be
deemed as sales of goods:
(1) Consignment of goods to others for sale;
(2) Sale of goods under consignment;
(3) Transfer of goods from one establishment to other establishments
for sale by a taxpayer that maintains two or more establishments and
adopts consolidated accounting, unless the relevant establishments are
maintained in the same county (or city);
(4) Application of self-produced or processed goods to produce
non-taxable items;
(5) Provision of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to other
units or individual operators as investments;
(6) Distribution of self-produced, processed or purchased goods to
shareholders or investors;
(7) Use of self-produced or processed goods for collective welfare or
personal consumption;
(8) Giving out self-produced, processed or purchased goods to others
as free gifts.
Article 5
A sales activity that involves goods and non-taxable services shall
be a mixed sales activity. Mixed sales activities of enterprises,
enterprise units or individual business operators engaged in production,
wholesaling or retailing of goods shall be regarded as sales of goods
which shall be subject to VAT. Mixed sales activities of other units or
individuals shall be regarded as sales of non-taxable services which shall
not be subject to VAT.
Whether a taxpayer's sales activity is a mixed sales activity shall
be determined by the tax collecting authorities under the State
Administration of Taxation.
"Non-taxable services" as mentioned in the first paragraph of this
Article refers to the services subject to Business Tax within the scope of
the taxable items of communications and transportation, construction,
finance and insurance, posts and telecommunications, culture and sports,
entertainment, and service industries.
"Enterprises, enterprise units or individual business operators
engaged in production, wholesaling or retailing of goods" as mentioned in
the first paragraph of this Article includes enterprises, enterprise
units, and individual business operators principally engaged in the
production, wholesaling or retailing of goods and also engaged in
non-taxable services.
Article 6
Taxpayers also engaged in non-taxable services shall account
separately for the sales amount of goods and taxable services and
non-taxable services. Without separate accounting or where accurate
accounting cannot be made, the non-taxable services and goods and taxable
services shall together be subject to VAT.
Whether non-taxable services so engaged by the taxpayer shall be
subject to VAT shall be determined by the tax collecting authorities under
the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 7
"Sales of goods within the territory of the People's Republic of
China" (hereinafter referred to as "within the territory") as mentioned in
Article 1 of the Regulations refers to the place of despatch or the
location of the goods sold is within the territory.
"Sales of taxable services in the territory" as mentioned in Article
1 of the Regulations refers to the sales of taxable services that takes
place within the territory.
Article 8
"Units" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
State-owned enterprises, collectively owned enterprises, privately- owned
enterprises, joint-stock enterprises, other enterprises, administrative
units, institutions, military units, social organizations and other units.
"Individuals" as mentioned in Article 1 of the Regulations refers to
individual business operators and other individuals.
Article 9
For enterprises which lease or contract to others for management, the
lessees or the sub-contractors shall be the taxpayers.
Article 10
Taxpayers selling goods or taxable services with different tax rates
and also engaged in non-taxable services which shall be subject to VAT,
the highest of the tax rates on goods or taxable services shall apply to
the non taxable services.
Article 11
For taxpayers other than small-scale taxpayers (hereinafter referred
to as "general taxpayers"), the VAT refundable to purchasers due to
returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted from the output tax
for the period in which the returns inward or discount allowed takes
place. The VAT recovered due to the returns outward or discount received
shall be deducted from the input tax for the period in which the returns
outward or discount received takes place.
Article 12
"Other charges" as mentioned in Article 6 of the Regulations refers
to handling fees, subsidies, funds, fund raising fees, profits sharing,
incentive bonus, damages on breach of contract (interest on deferred
payments), packaging charges, rentals on packaging materials, contingency
charges, quality charges, freight and loading and unloading charges,
commissioned receipts, commissioned payments and charges of any other
nature which is in addition to the price charged to the purchaser. The
following items nevertheless shall not be included:
(1) Output VAT collected from purchasers;
(2) Consumption Tax withheld on processing of consumer goods subject
to Consumption Tax;
(3) Disbursement of freight charges that satisfies both the following
conditions;
1. A freight invoice of transportation department was issued to the
purchaser; and
2. The same invoice is turned over by the taxpayer to the purchaser.
All other charges, regardless of the accounting treatment under the
accounting system adopted, shall be included in the sales amount in
computing the tax payable.
Article 13
Where the taxpayer is engaged in mixed sales activities and the
non-taxable services that are subject to VAT in accordance with Article 5
and Article 6 of these Detailed Rules, his sales amount shall be
respectively the sum the his sales amounts of goods and non-taxable
services, or the sum of the sales amounts of goods or taxable services and
the non-taxable services.
Article 14
For general taxpayers selling goods or taxable services that adopt
the pricing method of combining the sales amount and the output tax, the
sales amount shall be computed according to the following formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + tax rate
Article 15
Pursuant to the stipulations of Article 6 of the Regulations, if a
taxpayer settles the sales amount in foreign exchange, the Renminbi
conversion rate for the sales amount to be selected can be the foreign
exchange rate quoted by the State (the average rate in Principle)
prevailing on the date or that on the first day of the month in which the
sales take place. Taxpayers shall determine in advance the conversion
rate to be adopted. Once determined, no change is allowed within 1 year.
Article 16
For taxpayers whose prices are obviously low and without proper
justification as mentioned in Article 7 of the Regulations, or have
activities of selling goods as listed in Article 4 of these Detailed Rules
but without invoiced sales amounts, the sales amount shall be determined
according to the following sequence:
(1) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the same month;
(2) Determined according to the average selling price of the taxpayer
on the same goods in the recent period;
(3) Determined according to the composite assessable value. The
formula of the composite assessable value shall be:
Composite assessable Value = Cost X (1 + cost plus margin)
For goods subject to Consumption Tax, the composite assessable value
shall include Consumption Tax payable.
"Cost" in the formula refers to the actual costs of products sold for
sales of self-produced goods; and the actual costs of purchases for sales
of purchased goods. The rate of cost-plus margin in the formula shall be
determined by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 17
The "Purchase price" as mentioned in Paragraph 3, Article 8 of the
Regulations includes the price paid by taxpayers to agricultural producers
for purchasing tax-exempt agricultural products and the Agricultural
Special Product Tax withheld according to the regulations.
The "price paid" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to
the price specified on the purchasing voucher approved for use by the
competent tax authorities.
Article 18
For mixed sales activities and non-taxable services which are subject
to VAT according to the stipulations of Article 5 and Article 6 of these
Detailed Rules, the input tax on goods purchased for use in the
non-taxable services involved in the mixed sales activities or in the
non-taxable services that satisfies the stipulations of Article 8 of the
Regulations is allowed to be credited from the output tax.
Article 19
"Fixed assets" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to:
(1) Machinery, mechanical apparatus, means of transport, and other
equipment, tools and apparatus related to production or business
operations with a useful life of more than one year;
(2) Article that are not the main equipment for production or
business operations but with a unit value of more than 2000 yuan and a
useful life of more than two years.
Article 20
"Non-taxable items" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to the provision of non-taxable services, the transfer of
intangible assets, the sales of immovable properties and fixed assets
under construction, etc.
The construction, re-construction, expansion, repairing and
decoration of buildings by the taxpayer, regardless of the accounting
treatment under the accounting system adopted, shall be included in the
"fixed assets under construction" as mentioned in the proceeding
paragraph.
Article 21
"Abnormal losses" as mentioned in Article 10 of the Regulations
refers to losses other than the normal wear and tear in the course of
production or business operations. They include:
(1) Losses due to natural disasters;
(2) Losses due to theft, spoilage or deterioration, etc., resulting
from improper management;
(3) Other abnormal losses.
Article 22
Where input tax has already been claimed on goods purchased or
taxable services under the circumstances listed in Paragraphs (2) to (6)
in Article 10 of the Regulations, the input tax of these goods purchased
or taxable services shall be deducted from the input tax of that period.
If that input tax cannot be determined accurately, the input tax to be
deducted shall be computed based on the actual costs of that period.
Article 23
For taxpayers engaged in tax-exempt items or non-taxable items (not
including fixed assets under construction) and where the input tax cannot
be determined accurately, the non-creditable input tax shall be computed
according to the following formula:
Sum of the sales amounts of
tax-exempt items and
turnover of non-taxable
Non-creditable Total input tax items of the month
= x --------------------
in put tax of the month Sum of the total sales
amount and turnover of
the month
Article 24
The standards for small-scale taxpayers as mentioned in Article 11 of
the Regulations are as follows:
(1) Taxpayers engaged in the production of goods or the provision of
taxable services, and taxpayers engaged principally in the production of
goods or provision of taxable services but also in wholesaling or
retailing of goods, the annual sales amount of which subject to VAT
(hereinafter referred to as "taxable sales amount") is below 1 million
yuan;
(2) Taxpayers engaged in wholesaling or retailing of goods, the
annual taxable sales amount of which is below 1.8 million yuan.
Regardless whether the annual taxable sales amounts exceed the
standards for small-scale taxpayers, individuals, non-enterprise units,
and enterprises which do not often have taxable activities, are chargeable
as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 25
The sales amount of small-scale taxpayers does not include the tax
payable.
For small-scale taxpayers selling goods or providing taxable services
that adopt the method of setting prices by combining the sales amount and
the tax payable, the sales amount is computed according to the following
formula:
Sales amount including tax
Sales amount = ----------------------------
1 + Assessable rate
Article 26
For small-scale taxpayers, the sales amount refunded to the
purchasers due to returns inward or discount allowed shall be deducted
from the sales amount for the period in which the returns inward or
discount allowed occurs.
Article 27
"Sound accounting" as stated in Article 14 of the Regulations refers
to the capability of accurately accounting for the output tax, input tax
and tax payable in accordance with the accounting regulations and the
requirements of the tax authorities.
Article 28
Individual operators that satisfy the conditions as prescribed in
Article 14 of the Regulations and after the approval of the bureaux
directly under the State Administration of Taxation can be confirmed as
general taxpayers.
Article 29
Once the small-scale taxpayers have been confirmed as general
taxpayers, they cannot be reclassified as small-scale taxpayers.
Article 30
General taxpayers in any of the following circumstances shall compute
the tax payable based on the sales amount and according to the VAT rates,
but no input tax can be credited and special VAT invoices shall not be
used:
(1) The accounting system is unsound or cannot provide accurate tax
information;
(2) The conditions of general taxpayers are satisfied but the
taxpayer has not applied or processed the confirmation procedures as
general taxpayers.
Article 31
The scope of part of the tax-exempt items listed in Article 16 of the
Regulations are prescribed as follows:
(1) "Agricultural" as mentioned in Item (1) of Paragraph (1) refers
to planting, breeding, forestry, animal husbandry and aquatic products
industry.
"Agricultural producers" includes units and individuals engaged in
agricultural production.
"Agricultural products" refers to primary agricultural products. The
detailed scope of this definition shall be determined by the taxation
bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation.
(2) "Antique books" as mentioned in Item (3) of Paragraph (1) refers
to the ancient books and old books purchased from the public.
(3) "Articles" as mentioned in Item (8) of Paragraph (1) refers to
goods other than yachts, motorcycles, and motor vehicles that are subject
to Consumption Tax.
"Articles which have been used" refers to goods that have been used
by "other individuals" as mentioned in Article 8 of these Detailed Rules.
Article 32
The scope of application of "VAT minimum threshold" as mentioned in
Article 18 of the Regulations is limited to individuals.
The range of the VAT minimum threshold are stipulated as
follows:
(1) The minimum threshold for sales of goods shall be monthly sales
amount of 600 to 2000 yuan.
(2) The minimum threshold for sales of taxable services shall be
monthly sales amount of 200 to 800 yuan.
(3) The minimum threshold for assessment on a transaction-by-
transaction basis shall be sales amount per transaction (or per day) of 50
to 80 yuan.
"Sales amount" as mentioned in the preceding paragraph refers to the
"sales amount of small-scale taxpayers" as mentioned in the first
paragraph of Article 25 of these Detailed Rules.
The bureaux directly under the State Administration of Taxation shall
determine the minimum threshold locally applicable within the prescribed
range and in accordance with the actual conditions and shall report these
amounts to the State Administration of Taxation for their records.
Article 33
The timing at which the tax liability arises on the sales of goods or
taxable services as prescribed in Item (1), Article 19 of the Regulations
is specified according to the different methods of settlement as follows:
(1) For sales of goods under the direct payment method, it shall be
the date on which the sales sum is received or the documented evidence of
the right to collect the sales sum is obtained, and the bills of lading
are delivered to purchasers, regardless whether the goods are delivered;
(2) For sales of goods where the sales amount is entrusted for
collection, including where entrusted to banks for collection, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered and the procedures for entrusted
collection are completed;
(3) For sales of goods on credit or receipt by installments, it shall
be the date of collection agreed according to the contracts;
(4) For sales of goods with payment received in advance, it shall be
the date on which the goods are delivered;
(5) For sales of goods on a consignment to other taxpayers, it shall
be the date on which the detailed account of consignment sales are
received from the consignee;
(6) For sales of taxable services, it shall be the date on which the
services are provided and the sales sum is received or the documented
evidence of the right to collect the sales sum is obtained;
(7) For taxpayers that have the activities that are considered as
sales of goods as listed from Item (3) to Item (8) in Article 4 of these
Detailed Rules, it shall be the date on which the goods are transferred.
Article 34
For overseas units or individuals selling taxable services within the
territory but have not set up any business establishment within the
territory, the agents shall be the withholding agents for their tax
payable. If there are no agents, the purchaser shall be the withholding
agent.
Article 35
For business without a fixed base selling goods or taxable services
in a different county (or city) and have not reported and paid tax with
the competent tax authorities where the sales take place, the competent
tax authorities of the location where the establishments are located or
where the individual resides shall collect the overdue tax.
Article 36
"Tax authorities" as mentioned in Article 20 of the Regulations is
the State Administration of Taxation, and the collecting authorities
thereunder.
"The competent tax authorities" and "the collecting authorities" as
mentioned in the Regulations and these Detailed Rules refer to branches
offices under the State Administration of Taxation at county level and
above.
Article 37
"Above" and "Below" as mentioned in these Detailed Rules also include
the figure or the level itself.
Article 38
These Detailed Rules shall be interpreted by the Ministry of Finance
or by the State Administration of Taxation.
Article 39
These Detailed rules shall be implemented on the date the Regulations
come into effect. The Implementation of the Draft Regulations of the People's Republic of China
on Value-Added Tax> and the

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来宾市人民政府办公室关于印发来宾市投融资企业负责人年度经营业绩考核及薪酬管理暂行办法的通知

广西壮族自治区来宾市人民政府办公室


来宾市人民政府办公室关于印发来宾市投融资企业负责人年度经营业绩考核及薪酬管理暂行办法的通知

来政办发〔2010〕268号



来华投资区管委,市人民政府各工作部门、各直属机构:
现将《来宾市投融资企业负责人年度经营业绩考核及薪酬管理暂行办法》印发给你们,请遵照执行。




二〇一〇年十二月一日



来宾市投融资企业负责人年度经营业绩考核及薪酬管理暂行办法



第一章 总则

  第一条 为加快和促进我市城市建设和经济社会发展,进一步落实企业国有资产保值增值责任,完善政府投融资企业激励和约束机制,根据国务院国资委《关于印发〈关于进一步加强中央企业全员业绩考核工作的指导意见〉的通知》(国资发综合〔2009〕300号)、《广西壮族自治区国资委履行出资人职责企业负责人薪酬管理暂行办法》(桂国资发〔2008〕200号)等规定,结合我市实际,制定本办法。
  第二条 本办法所指投融资企业是指由市人民政府出资承担政府投资项目的国有企业。政府投资项目包括由政府牵头或配套投资的重点基础设施项目、重点城市功能项目、国计民生项目和生态建设项目以及市委、市人民政府确定的事关全市经济社会战略发展的重大项目等。
  第三条 本办法所指政府投融资企业负责人是指市人民政府指定的承担政府投资项目的国有企业的法定代表人或市人民政府确定的经营业绩考核责任人。具体指市人民政府任命的投融资企业董事长、副董事长、总经理、副总经理、总会计师、总工程师。
第四条 根据企业管理现状,市人民政府委托市国资委会同市财政局等部门对投融资企业进行经营业绩考核及薪酬管理。

第二章 年度经营业绩考核

  第五条 年度经营业绩考核内容。年度经营业绩考核内容一般包括融资指标、投资指标、经营指标和特殊指标等。
  (一)融资指标:指实际融资到位资金。
  (二)投资指标:指当年实际投资额。
  (三)经营指标:指国有资产保值增值率、利润、净资产收益率。
(四)特殊指标:包括安全生产、计划生育及党建等其他需要考核的工作。
上述四项指标,根据企业的不同情况进行适度调整。
  第六条 年度经营业绩考核程序及方式。年度经营业绩考核一律实行百分制,具体考核指标可实行一企一策(以责任书的形式签订)。
  (一)核定考核目标值。每年3月底之前,在企业预报的基础上,由市国资委根据市人民政府有关要求,会同财政、企业主管部门等提出各投融资企业年度综合经营目标任务,报市人民政府审定。
  (二)签订经营目标责任书。年度经营目标经市人民政府审定后,由市国资委、各主管部门与企业负责人签订年度经营业绩考核责任书。责任书列明各项考核指标及权重,指标权重的分配一般实行融资指标30分、占30%,投资指标35分、占35%,经营指标25分、占25%,特殊指标10分,占10%。具体指标的分值在不同年度、不同企业可适当调整。
(三)年度经营业绩考核。每一经营年度结束后,市审计部门对企业年度经营业绩进行审计。由市国资委牵头,会同市财政局等部门,根据审计情况对企业负责人年度经营业绩进行百分制考核,形成企业负责人年度经营业绩考核与薪酬兑现方案,报市人民政府审批。
1.具体考核计算公式:
总分=融资指标得分+投资指标得分+经营指标得分+特殊指标得分
单项指标得分=实际完成数÷任务数×单项指标标准分×权重
2.考核指标数的审核:
融资指标数由市财政局、市金融办和企业主管部门根据企业实际到位融资额和进度情况审核。
投资指标数由市财政局和企业主管部门根据企业实际完成投资额及其完成进度审核。
经营指标数由市财政局和企业主管部门根据企业完成利润和净资产收益率审核。
特殊指标完成情况由市国资委、企业主管部门及市安监、计生等业务主管部门根据企业的实际情况审核。

第三章 薪酬管理

  第七条 薪酬的构成。企业负责人年度薪酬由基本薪酬、绩效薪酬和特别奖惩三部分构成。
  (一)基本薪酬。是指企业负责人担任现职岗位的劳动报酬。政府投资主导性企业负责人的基本薪酬为每人年7.2万元。
(二)绩效薪酬。根据目标考核责任书中明确的各项指标当年完成情况,计算确定经营者应取得的报酬,计算公式为:①超额完成任务的企业:绩效薪酬=基本薪酬×{1+2×(任务完成率-1)};②完成或不完成任务的企业:绩效薪酬=基本薪酬×任务完成率,但任务完成率低于50%时不发放绩效薪酬。其中:任务完成率=各项指标所得分值之和÷ 100×100%。但有下列情形之一者,不发给绩效薪酬:
1.当年发生重特大安全责任事故的;
2.当年发现有严重违反计划生育政策现象;
3.当年发生企业领导班子成员违法违纪案件的。
  (三)特别奖惩。是指对企业完成重大任务、做出突出贡献的奖励或造成重大失误与损失的惩罚。特别奖惩由市人民政府根据企业的特别情况决定。
第八条 年度薪酬兑现的范围和分配系数。企业主要负责人年度薪酬分配系数为l,企业领导班子成员副职的分配系数为0.8以下。具体方案由企业根据各负责人的责任和贡献研究确定,报市国资委备案后执行。
  第九条 年度薪酬兑现时间。企业负责人的基本薪酬由企业按月兑现,绩效薪酬在年度考核结束后根据考核结果,原则上于次年3月底前兑现应得绩效薪酬的60%,其余40%6月底前兑现。
  第十条 按本办法领取薪酬的企业负责人,除国家另有规定及经市人民政府同意外,不得再从任何单位领取任何工资性报酬或其他变相报酬(含以实物形态支付的报酬)。
  第十一条 企业负责人年度薪酬纳入劳动工资统计,在计算企业在岗职工平均工资时予以剔除。
  第十二条 薪酬兑现涉及税收问题,按有关税法和税务部门要求执行。
第四章 附则

  第十三条 本暂行办法由市国资委负责解释。
  第十四条 本暂行办法自2011年1月1日起执行。